In the first half of the twentieth century, the main developments of science were communicated in at least half a dozen languages. Charcot, Déjerine and Gilles de la Tourette had published their pioneering contributions in French; Jackson, Willis and Sydenham in English; Purkinje, Alzheimer and Virchow in German; Golgi in Italian; Ramón y Cajal in Spanish; and Bekhterev, Pavlov and Luria in Russian.